<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"> <article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="in-brief" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IPJ</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Physiology Journal</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2578-8590</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Open Access Pub</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>United States</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IPJ-18-2548</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2548</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>in-brief</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why Physiologically Cold weather can Increase Obesity Rates ?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasim</surname>
            <given-names>Habibzadeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1841430196">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1841429980">*</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="idm1841430196">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside University, UK</addr-line>
      </aff>
      <aff id="idm1841429980">
        <label>*</label>
        <addr-line>Corresponding author </addr-line>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp>
    
    Nasim Habibzadeh, <addr-line>PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside           University, UK</addr-line>, Email: <email>nasimhabibzadeh@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="idm1850787588">
          <p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-16">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="online">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Nasim Habibzadeh</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="http://openaccesspub.org/ipj/article/932">This article is available from http://openaccesspub.org/ipj/article/932</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>Obesity generally accounts for a pathophysiology condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in body parts. Among different - causes, ambient temperature  such as cold environment can dramatically develop    obesity in different individual. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to the hunger and increases appetite toward overeating and subsequently inactivity . Controlling the calorie intakes through informative care are good strategies to prevent or govern obesity at any situation such as cold temperature</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Cold weather</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Preventive strategies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="idm1841551228" sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obesity generally is a major  epidemic concern across countries. Obesity generally accounts for a                         pathophysiology condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in different parts of body. Obesity can be hereditary (or genetics) or can induce in short or              long-term in many ways <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850765812">1</xref>. There are six different types of obesity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1842111316">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="idm1842111316">
        <label>Figure 1.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Types of obesity</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image1.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>Being obese or overweight dramatically increase the risk of variety illnesses and health problems. Obesity enhance risks of cardiovascular diseases such as                       hypertensions, heart diseases, stroke and diabetes                Miletus. Certain forms of cancers are the outcomes of being obese or overweight. Extra weight in obese                  people increase the risk of the arthritis and bone                    fractures. There is greater possibility of falls during              perturbation in obese individual. Obesity can lead to the mental health and depressions too <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850769412">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850778244">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850837748">4</xref>. </p>
      <p>These aforementioned illness are non-fatal                difficulties of obesity which cause high level of                       economical burdens across globs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850626740">5</xref>. Obesity is                         associated with high risk of morbidity and all-cause                        mortality in large perspective every year. In fact ,obese  individual are at higher risk of early death than other           underweight or normal body weight counterparts <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850623932">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sedentary life styles can significantly increase the states of being overweight or obese. Obese people are not interested to move much and do not perform any exercise or even leisure - physical activity at each day. They are strong TV viewers and consume different types of fast or sweet foods without having any bad feeling about the amount of foods which they actually eat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850611980">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Among different causes of obesity, the ambient temperature such as cold environment is one major             factor. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to the hunger and appetite and impacts overall metabolite rates. Cold weather exposures increase the energy expenditures or energy intakes that caused to an increased appetite toward overeating to preserved the body energy level. Cold temperature enhance the desire of consuming more sweet foods such as cakes,                     chocolate and may different type of desert that could significantly affect weight gain is short - term <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850608092">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850598660">9</xref>. Cold weather also can cause kind of sedentary lifestyle for whom do not hold any specific social position. Thus, some people prefer to stay in cozy and warmer                   environment in accordance the condition which they have rather than being outside and to stay more active.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, preventive strategies such as               performing some simple exercise like 10-15 minutes moderate walking even at home and governing the                 energy intakes can be effective approaches to prevent or control obesity. Different types of nuts, fruits and                 vegetables are good substitutes for sweet foods and               notably reduce the desire of using other fast - food              products. Controlling the calorie intakes through a                 balanced diet by increasing of the general information about different diets and foods from various social media or other sources like dieticians is another good                       procedures to prevent obesity at any conditions and in cold ambient in particular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ridm1850765812">
        <label>1.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Ng</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Fleming</surname>
            <given-names>T</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Robinson</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Thomson</surname>
            <given-names>B</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Graetz</surname>
            <given-names>N</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Margono</surname>
            <given-names>C</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study</article-title>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850769412">
        <label>2.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Drake</surname>
            <given-names>A J</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Reynolds</surname>
            <given-names>R M</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk</article-title>
          <source>Reproduction.2010Sep1</source>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850778244">
        <label>3.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="book">
          <name>
            <surname>Flint</surname>
            <given-names>A J</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>F B</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Glynn</surname>
            <given-names>R J</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Caspard</surname>
            <given-names>H</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Manson</surname>
            <given-names>J E</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Willett</surname>
            <given-names>W C</given-names>
          </name>
          <chapter-title>Excess Weight and the Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease Among Men and Women. Obesity.2010Feb;</chapter-title>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850837748">
        <label>4.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Lindholm</surname>
            <given-names>V</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Lahti</surname>
            <given-names>J</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Rahkonen</surname>
            <given-names>O</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Lahelma</surname>
            <given-names>E</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Lallukka</surname>
            <given-names>T</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>Joint association of physical activity and body weight with subsequent physical and mental functioning: a follow-up study</article-title>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <source>BMC Public Health</source>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850626740">
        <label>5.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hruby</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>F B</given-names></name><article-title>The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture</article-title>
PMID:
<fpage>25471927</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25471927</pub-id></mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850623932">
        <label>6.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdelaal</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>le</surname>
            <given-names>Roux CW</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Docherty</surname>
            <given-names>N G</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity</article-title>
          <source>Ann Transl Med.2017Apr;</source>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850611980">
        <label>7.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Barnes</surname>
            <given-names>A S</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>Obesity and sedentary lifestyle .Tex Heart Inst J</article-title>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>224</fpage>
          <lpage>227</lpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850608092">
        <label>8.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="book">
          <name>
            <surname>Moellering</surname>
            <given-names>D R</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Daniel</surname>
            <given-names>L</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Smith</surname>
            <given-names>D L</given-names>
          </name>
          <chapter-title>Ambient Temperature and Obesity. Curr Obes Rep.2012Mar1</chapter-title>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ridm1850598660">
        <label>9.</label>
        <mixed-citation xlink:type="simple" publication-type="journal">
          <name>
            <surname>Johnson</surname>
            <given-names>F</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Mavrogianni</surname>
            <given-names>A</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Ucci</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Vidal-Puig</surname>
            <given-names>A</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Wardle</surname>
            <given-names>J</given-names>
          </name>
          <article-title>Could increased time spent in a thermal comfort zone contribute to population increases in obesity? Obes Rev</article-title>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <fpage>543</fpage>
          <lpage>551</lpage>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
