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Oct 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2693-1176.ijgh-25-5729
Collins Adeyanju GbadeboCorresponding author
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, where many countries continue to experience high burdens of vaccine-preventable diseases, increasing immunization access have been a priority for the governments and international organizations such as Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Over 40 Gavi-supported African countries have been impacted, with 364 million children reached and over US$5.7 billion disbursed, averting over 8.9 million child deaths. Despite this progress, the African region has struggled with immunization coverage due to various factors. Nevertheless, some African countries are transitioning out of Gavi support due to economic growth. However, many require strong political will to increase their expenditure on immunization. This study therefore aims to understand the factors influencing immunization performance and its relationship to public expenditure. Methods Data on 37 Gavi-eligible sub-Saharan African countries between 2006 and 2019 was obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, the WHO and UNICEF Joint Reporting Form and the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index. Descriptive immunization and health expenditure were analyzed using a panel regression of variables. DPT3 was used as an indicator of immunization uptake. The indicator for public expenditure on immunization per child was based on government spending on immunization divided by the number of children in the birth cohort. Results The average gross national income increased from US$639 to US$1,192 per capita, while government spending on immunization increased from US$1.7 to about US$4.5 per child. The findings show that there is a correlation between improved immunization financing, increased gross national income, reduced corruption, and improved immunization coverage. However, performance declines beyond a certain threshold when gross national income per capita increases. In addition, an English-speaking country effect was observed. Conclusions While improved immunization financing increases immunization coverage and constitutes an advocacy talking point, there is a need to understand why an increase in gross national income per capita does not translate into an improved immunization coverage. Key highlights Increasing national spending on immunization drives up the uptake of childhood vaccines. There is a threshold beyond which immunization coverage falls despite increased GNI. Controlling corruption increases immunization coverage tendency. French- and English-speaking countries’ immunization coverage differs. Immunization and health system financing have separate outcomes.
Oct 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-21-3961
Gangola SaurabhCorresponding author
School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, 263136, India.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has severely affected the whole world. It has overshadowed all the developmental activities across different countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected global economy and has threatened health security of people worldwide. This pandemic have affected environment dynamically. Decrease in economic activities, travelling, transport and traffic restrictions all over the world have led to decreased emissions of greenhouse gases and drop in air and water pollution observed universally. Also more than 40 % of downfall is observed in NO2 concentration in Asia and Europe as compared to 2019. Reduced pollution had a good effect on freshwater aquatic life. The reduction in worldwide aircraft flight directly impact on forecast and decreases 65% of weather prediction. Snow fall was observed even in a summer in India. This pandemic has had a long-term impact, affecting all aspects of human life and halting all developmental processes. Combating the COVID-19 pandemic is currently at the top of the global agenda. Quarantine measures opted for safety of the public have positively affected the environment. Although it has downturned the economic growth drastically, it has also contributed in lowering the pollution. If there is a silver lining to this horrible situation, it may be that it has given us a whiff of the air we will breathe in a low-carbon future.
Dec 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2997-1969.ijhs-20-3658
Assan JallowCorresponding author
PhD student at the rome school of Economics Italy
In this project the main aim is to investigate the role of health on economic development. In doing so my inspiration was derive for the augmented neoclassical theoretical firm work base on the hypothesis that health has a positive impact on economic growth, looking at specification 1 and 4 are basic linear regression model which are used to capture the liner relationship between health and economic development. And looking at the graphs from our “appendix” we will observe a strong positive correlation between the variables. We also used life expectancy as a proxy for health which was positive and significant across all specification, which affirms that’s health have a positive and significant impact on economic growth as well as output per capita. For specification 3 and 6, we ran a “flexmix” which gives a reflection of a conclusion that our data most not be “cluster”, this is also supported by the pair wise plot which actually shows no meaningful cluster at a visual inspection.
Dec 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-20-3318
K. Ceesay EbrimaCorresponding author
University of Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
For economic growth and development in any WE African country the GDP progress is depending on the key push-pull factors as migration, personal remittances received, bilateral aids and, absolutely, employment in agriculture which is about 1/3 of the population and not a predominant and protected minority as happens in the industrialized EU and North America. In order to represent the framework of the reciprocal dependencies the present study used the statistics of Gambia from WDI covering the periods from 1960 to 2017 by applying linear regression models. The results confirmed that migration and remittances have significant positive impact on employment in agriculture because new investment in agriculture created new skilled and unskilled employment. The results also found out that employment in agriculture has negative and significant impacts on foreign aids: 10% increase in migration, increases foreign aid by 50.3%. Increasing 10% of remittance, increase economic growth by 0.14% but 10% increases in employment in agriculture, decrease economic growth by 0.04%. To face globalization the economy of the Gambia should use the foreign aid to improve agriculture production and productivity thereby increase economic growth through human capital theory of migration, skilled migration, export and food security, the study recommends.