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Jun 2023
S. Prakasha Gowda A.Corresponding author
Insulin is a frequent peptide hormone addition in serum-free mammalian cell culture media. It contributes in a variety of biological functions, including as promoting cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and glucose uptake. However, it is unknown how stable insulin is under in vitro cell culture media treatment conditions. The instability of insulin in aqueous solutions has caused a number of issues, necessitating the development of new therapeutic strategies that can keep insulin stable and functioning. Such choices are required to accommodate updated insulin delivery guidelines as well as the storage and transportation of insulin. To preserve structural and functional integrity, protein medicines are frequently stabilized with antioxidants in aqueous solutions. In the present study, the effects of the antioxidants disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate (EDTA) and sodium selenite (Se) and their ability to scavenge free radicals on insulin stability in the medium Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) were examined. To investigate the stability of human recombinant insulin, in vitro serum-free DMEM and RPMI media were utilized for 5 days at 37˚C containing different EDTA and Se concentrations. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to detect and quantify insulin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis was used to assess conformational stability. The results demonstrated that, when EDTA and Se were added separately to DMEM and RPMI media, insulin stability was improved compared to when neither compound was added.
Oct 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2381-862X.jwrh-22-4315
Nazempour AnahitaCorresponding author
OB/Gynecologist, fellowship of infertility and IVF, Sarem fertility and infertility research center (SAFIR), Sarem women’s hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a serious multifactorial disorder. This study intended to assess the effect of cinnamon supplementation on estradiol level, and fasting- and two-hour (2 hpp) insulin and sugar levels in women with PCOS. Material and Methods This study was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT), conducted between January 2019 until December 2020, at Gynecology Clinic Sarem Women’s Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Patients with PCOS, 130 subjects (65 person/ group) were diagnosed using Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. All participants received daily treatment consisting of 1500 mg metformin and 1000 mg cinnamon per day for 12 weeks. An evaluation of serum AMH level was conducted before and after the completion of therapy. Results Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced the estradiol, fasting glucose and 2hpp glucose, fasting insulin and 2 hpp insulin, BMI and weight levels after intervention. The highest reduction was observed in fasting glucose, 2 hpp insulin, and estradiol groups after intervention (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the means of BMI (P<0.01), fasting sugar (P<0.01), and 2 hpp glucose (P<0.01) before and after intervention. Conclusion Cinnamon supplementation, as a safe herbal product, can be prescribed with metformin to improve the symptoms and complications of PCOS.
Nov 2018
Shiau Ming-YuhCorresponding author
Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Pre-adipocytes are the precursors with the potential to make new fat cells during adipose tissue expansion. Nevertheless, the pre-adipocytes behaviors, and their possible roles in energy homeostasis have long been overlooked. Our previous study implicates that interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a positive metabolic role by promoting insulin sensitivity and inhibiting lipid accumulation. Besides, abundant evidence shows the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the process of adipose tissue expansion. The present study aimed at examining the cross talk among glucose, insulin and IL-4 on regulating MMP-2 expression and activity in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Effects of insulin and/or IL-4 on MMP-2 expression and activity were examined in pre-adipocytes under euglycemic or hyperglycemic environment by RT-PCR and gelatin zymography, respectively. Our results revealed that glucose level is a pre-requisite for pre-adipocytes responding to insulin and/or IL-4 treatment. In high glucose-containing environment, short-term acute insulin treatment (AI) and long-term chronic insulin exposure (CI) showed opposite regulation to MMP-2 expression and activity. Interestingly, the dominant MMPs regulatory role of CI under euglycemic condition was attenuated in cells exposed to high glucose concentration. Our results suggest pre-adipocytes may participate in the process of increasing adiposity, diabetic onset and diabetic complications through ECM alterations resulted from the insulin- and/or glucose- mediated changes of MMP-2 activity. The present study uncovers novel observations regarding pre-adipocytes behaviors.
Aug 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-2313.jeh-17-1552
Elisha BelindaCorresponding author
Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Introduction. Obesity often coexists with insulin resistance, which is related to cardiometabolic risk. However, some obese individuals exhibit comparable insulin sensitivity (IS) to that of normal-weight subjects, a state associated with a reduced cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to determine the efficacy of a panel of surrogate markers of insulin sensitivity (IS) for the identification of insulin sensitive obese (ISO) vs. insulin resistant obese (IRO) with similar total fat mass (FM) and body mass index (BMI). Methods. This is a cross-sectional analysis among 144 overweight and obese post-menopausal women. IS was determined by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) and by surrogate indices such as Matsuda index, the simple index assessing insulin sensitivity using oral glucose tolerance test (SIisOGTT), Abdul-Ghani liver IS index, HOMA-IR and Abdul-Ghani muscle IR index. Results. When using upper and lower quartiles values or the median as cut-off for IS determined by the reference HEC to define ISO vs. IRO, Matsuda index, SIisOGTT and Abdul-Ghani indices classification identified ISO vs. IRO individuals with similar FM and BMI. With HOMA-IR, the two groups were similar for FM and had borderline significant difference in BMI. Using, receiver operating characteristic curves, Matsuda index AUC was similar to that of SIisOGTT and both indices AUCs were significantly higher than Abdul-Ghani indices AUCs. The best cut-off value for the Matsuda index was 2.5 (83.1% specificity, 54.2% sensitivity) and 0.25 for SIisOGTT (64.8% specificity, 70.8% sensitivity). Conclusion. Whole body IS indices, Matsuda and SIisOGTT indices seem to be reliable indices for the identification of ISO vs. IRO individuals.
May 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-13-283
Mei YongCorresponding author
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
Continuous-time glucose monitoring (CGM) effectively improves glucose control, as oppose to infrequent glucose measurements (i.e. using Lancet Meters), by providing frequent blood glucose concentration (BGC) to better associate this variation with changes in behavior. Currently, the most widely used CGM devices rely on a sensor that is inserted invasively under the skin. Because of the invasive nature and also the replacement cost of sensors, the primary users of current CGM devices are insulin dependent people (type 1 and some type 2 diabetics). Most non-insulin dependent diabetics use only lancet glucose measurements. The ultimate goal of this research is the development of CGM technology that overcomes these limitations (i.e. invasive sensors and their cost) in an effort to increase CGM applications among non-insulin dependent people. To meet this objective, this preliminary work has developed a methodology to mathematically infer BGC from measurements of non-invasive input variables which can be thought of as a “virtual” or “soft” sensor approach. In this work virtual sensors are developed and evaluated on 20 subjects using four BGC measurements per day and eight input variables representing meals, activity, stress, and clock time. Up to four weeks of data are collected for each subject. One evaluation consists of 3 days of training and up to 25 days of testing data. The second one consists of one week of training, one week of validation, and 2 weeks of testing data. The third one consists two weeks of training, one week of validation and one week of testing data. Model acceptability is determined on an individual basis based on the fitted correlation to CGM testing data. For 3 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks training studies, 35%, 55% and 65% of the subjects, respectively, met the Acceptability Criteria that we established based on the concept of usefulness.
May 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2572-3030.jcgb-13-369
Khan AshrafCorresponding author
Departments of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and 2 are downstream signaling proteins that influence breast pathophysiology. IRS-1 promotes carcinoma cell proliferation; whereas IRS-2 regulates cell motility, invasion, and glycolysis. Our lab has shown that distinct cellular localization of IRS-2 also plays a role in carcinoma cell function. Oncotype DX (Genomic Health) (ODX) is a 21-gene expression profile used to classify carcinomas with low, intermediate, and high risk recurrence scores (RS). Our aim is to correlate expression and cellular localization of IRS proteins in breast carcinomas with their ODX RS. 97 breast carcinomas sent for ODX testing from 2006-2009 were collected and grouped according to their RS (low, intermediate or high). Immunohistochemistry for IRS-1/-2 was performed. Specific criteria were used to evaluate IRS staining patterns. Follow-up data, ranging from 3-6 years, was available. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate staining patterns of IRS-1/-2 with the three RS groups. IRS-1 staining, predominantly nuclear, did not significantly correlate with RS (P=.5645). IRS-2 expression patterns did show statistical significance amongst the three RS groups (P=.0371). Tumors with intermediate and low RS were more likely to exhibit punctate and diffuse cytoplasmic expression of IRS-2, and cell membrane expression was uncommon in this group. Expression and cellular localization of IRS proteins play an important role in breast cancer cell biology, and expression patterns for IRS-2 do demonstrate a significant correlation with ODX RS. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of cellular localization of IRS-1/-2 proteins in breast carcinoma cells and their relationship to ODX scores.
Dec 2025
Gebretsadik Bereka SolomonCorresponding author
Background Fast food consumption is the major cause of obesity and overweight in worldwide affecting more than 2 billion people, especially developing countries and low income countries. It can lead to hyperinsulinemia and development of insulin resistance, high energy density, high glycemic index, and fatty acid composition of fast foods may increase the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors Objectives The main aim of this study was, to assess fast food consumption and its association with overweight /obesity among undergraduate students of University Hargeisa, Somaliland, 2023. Methods The study was carried out from May 01 to July 20, 2023 at University of Hargeisa using an institutional based cross-sectional study design to among 260 students. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was prepared based on review literatures and dig out from related studies. The anthropometric data was taken by data collectors to measure weight and height using a stadiometer. Data was entered and checked for errors using EPI-info version 7.1.5.0 and then, data were exported to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 21 and STATA software version 14 for data processing and analysis. Descriptive statistics such as; frequencies, means and proportion was used for present the findings. A variable with P-values of less than 0.25 in the binary logistic regression analysis was entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify the independent predictors of stunting. Finally, variable at P-value less than 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression analysis was considered as a statistically significant variable. Results In this study, the majority 235 (90.4%, CI: 86.5- 93.8) of the study participants were fast food consumers. The study revealed that, from the total study participants 46(17.7%),127(48.8%),84(32.3%), 3(1.2%) were underweight, normal, overweight and obese respectively. A chi-square test revealed that there was a significant (p-value=0.058) associations between BMI and fast food consumption among students of University of Hargeisa. On multi-variable logistic regression model educational level of the students (AOR = 12.45 (95% CI: 1.7, 14.6)) and frequency of fruit (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI (0.7, 0.8)) and vegetable consumptions (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI (0.47, 0.575)) were found to be significantly associated with fast food consumptions (p < 0.05). Conclusion In this study, of the total 90.4% number of fast food consumers. A chi-square test revealed that there was a significant (p-value=0.058) associations between BMI and fast food consumption among students of University of Hargeisa. Educational level of the students and frequency of fruit and vegetable consumptions were found to be significantly associated with fast food consumptions. Effort should be made to increase access to fast food-related information and counseling.
Nov 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4518.jsdr-24-5271
Kovila RajivCorresponding author
Background/Aim Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent respiratory disturbances during sleep. Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity exhibit a substantial susceptibility to OSA (23%–86%). People with OSA have a high risk of several comorbidities like insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, depressed mood and hypertension. Thus, the objective was to comprehensively evaluate the risk of OSA among T2DM patients in India. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted across four cities in India involving 2,000 T2DM patients. The survey gathered data on patient demographics, clinical endpoints, and estimated the risk of OSA using an app which included the STOP BANG questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between OSA risk and key variables such as age, gender, BMI, and HbA1c. Result Overall, 63.9% of T2DM patients were identified as high risk and 27.3% were at intermediate risk for OSA development. Results of the multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that patients with high BMI ≥35 had significantly greater odds (OR: 5.70; p<0.00) of developing OSA; males had 2.75 times higher odds (p<0.00) and patients with HbA1c value >8% had higher odds (OR: 1.22; p<0.00) of developing OSA. Conclusion OSA risk and prevalence are significantly higher in T2DM patients than in the general population with a notable escalation in patients who are overweight/obese, older, and have prolonged diabetes duration. Early screening using digitalization with a highly sensitive, cost-efficient, and valid tool like STOP-BANG followed by appropriate intervention for OSA can not only reduce the eventual economic burden but can improve patient outcomes.
Aug 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-23-4688
Fernando Javier Lavalle-GonzalezCorresponding author
Non-nutritive sweeteners are used as adjuncts in treating patients with diabetes to reduce carbohydrate intake. Monk fruit is an FDA-approved1 natural NNS2-. There is no information regarding the use of monk fruit in individuals with T2DM3. The primary objective was to compare the glycemic response to sucrose and monk fruit in individuals with and without T2DM. Twenty-six individuals with T2DM and 29 without DM4 underwent two oral glucose tolerance tests5 after a 250-ml sucrose- or monk fruit-sweetened beverage. Glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. An appetite scale was used before and after the procedure. Insulin levels were measured in ten randomly selected individuals from the control group. The glucose levels at 30 and 120 min were significantly lower in both groups in the monk fruit-OGTT. There was a peak response in the T2DM group at 90 min (median, IQR, 247 mg/dL, 203-293) with the sucrose OGTT, while no peak response was seen in the monk fruit OGTT. There were no differences between sweeteners in terms of appetite evaluation. The postprandial effect on insulin levels was flat with the monk fruit-sweetened beverage. In contrast, there was a significantly higher spike with the sucrose-sweetened beverage. In conclusion, monk fruit does not increase glucose levels in individuals with T2DM; thus, it could be a safe alternative as a substitute food sweetener.
Apr 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2693-1176.ijgh-20-3269
Nasim Habibzadeh SeyedehCorresponding author
PhD student in Sport Science, School of Health and Life Sine, Department of Sport Science, Teesside University, United Kingdom
Abdominal obesitywith a big belly is one of the worse type of morbid obesity that is associated with different health failure outcomes. Central obesity leads to an increased risk of health complications such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, insulin resistance,type 2 diabetes, heart disease and various cancers. Abdominal obesity also can specifically cause to spinal nerve pain and backache. Depression and disability are other subsequent hazards of central fatness. More importantly ,excessive central body fat ultimately contributes in all-causes of early mortality. In regards to this, individuals with abdominal obesity is urgently needed to reduce central obesity using behavior modifications. Changes in diet and performing some exercise in everyday living are essential steps.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-20-3195
E.G SergeevaCorresponding author
FIRST St. Petersburg state medical University named after academician I. P. Pavlov
Purpose The goals of the present study were to assess the genotypic and allelic distribution of Bsm-I (rs1544410) and Apa-I (rs7975232) polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients in comparison to control patients of the same age without CAD and to determine whether these gene variants are associated with dyslipidemia. Materials and Methods Based on a case-control design, 302 hospitalized patients with CAD and 194 people of comparable age without CAD were enrolled in the study. The BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms of VDR gene were studied using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction analysis. The allele digested by the restriction enzyme was denoted by a lower letter, whereas that not digested was indicated by a capital letter. Determination of the level of vitamin D and immunoreactive insulin in the blood serum was carried out using the immuno-enzyme method. Results The bb genotype of Bsm-I VDR gene polymorphism was detected more often in patients with CAD than in the comparison group with an increased risk of CAD by 1.52 times (p=0.006, OR=1.52(1.05÷2.2). The level of HDL cholesterol was higher in CAD patients − carriers of BB genotype compared to its level in Bb genotype carriers and bb genotype carriers (1,13±0,05 mmol/l, 1,01±0,03 mmol/l, 1,02±0,03 mmol/l respectively, p<0,05). The level of vitamin D was higher in patients with BB genotype compared to its level in bb genotype carriers (45.12±3.73 nmol / l and 34.16±1.95 nmol/l respectively, p=0.008). The occurrence of a allele of Apa-I VDR gene polymorphism was higher in patients with CAD than in the control group (p=0.02, OR=1.21(0.93÷1.57). HDL cholesterol level was higher in CAD patients - AA genotype carriers compared with carriers of Aa and aa genotypes (1.18±0.08 mmol / l, 1,02±0.02 mmol / l and 1.01±0.03 mmol/l respectively, p<0,05). Immunoreactive insulin level was significantly higher in CAD patients – aa genotype carriers. No differences in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were found. Vitamin D level was lower in CAD patients - Aa and aa genotype carriers (33,8±33,9 nmol/l ,p=0,02 and 24,7±4,9 nmol/l, p=0,05 respectively in comparison to vitamin D level = 43,3 ±4,2 nmol/l in AA genotype carriers). Conclusion The bb genotype of Bsm-I VDR gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of CAD. A carriage of b allele in CAD patients is associated with lower level of vitamin D and HDL cholesterol. A carriage of a allele of Apa-I VDR gene polymorphism in CAD patients is associated with lower level of vitamin D and HDL cholesterol.
Sep 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-19-3001
Hayat Khan SikandarCorresponding author
Department of pathology PNS HAFEEZ
Gene therapy has entered a new era with the dawn of CRISPR/Cas9 technology which though were always available in nature but rediscovered to tame into a real-tlife genome editing tool. With the modernization upsurge and changes in ways the “homo sapiens” survived on this planet from hunger to current era of exuberance has led to multiple metabolic issues like type-2 diabetes. Notwithstanding the rapid emergence of medication to suppress the hyperglycemia and insulin resistance associated with this menace, need has definitely emerge to find more personalized and curative dimensions to therapeutics of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Gene therapy is one more addition to Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) therapy, where multiple options have emerged in the shape of microRNA, direct knocking out of cellular structures like proteins and enzymes and very recently the precision nucleases associated with CRISPR technologies. This mini-review attempt to summarize some of the recent examples of gene therapy with major focus on CRISPR/Cas technologies.
Jun 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-0904.ijoe-19-2792
Neuberger ManfredCorresponding author
Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Felbigergasse 3/2/18, Austria
In deaths and diseases attributed to tobacco smoke cardiovascular events exceed cancer and respiratory diseases. Second hand smoke promotes the development of arteriosclerosis and can trigger acute changes of endothelial function and blood coagulability. Indoor smoking bans reduced coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction 10-20% within one year and were followed by sustainable decreases of stroke and diabetes. With a smoke-free hospitality industry people recognized tobacco smoke as an air pollutant, smoking in public was denormalized and social acceptance of smoking in front of children and pregnant women decreased also in homes and cars. Combined effects with ambient air pollution are proven for active smoking and suspected for SHS. Contamination with third hand smoke (THS) persists for months in homes and cars, creating secondary pollutants that in some cases are more toxic (e.g. nitrosamines). Remnants found in air, dust, and on surfaces (carpets, wallpapers, upholstery, soft toys) were associated with their metabolites in saliva of children and in urine of nonsmokers residing in homes previously occupied by smokers. In animal experiments effects of THS were found on thrombogenesis, insulin resistance through oxidative stress, on the developing immune system, lipid metabolism and alterations in liver, lung, skin and behavior. Much less is known about health effects for bystanders from the aerosols exhaled during “vaping” of e-cigarettes, but nicotine and other toxins from e-cigarettes are certainly a hazard, which should be prevented by the use of dermal and oral nicotine products, which are safer for nicotine replacement and without risk for bystanders.
Feb 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-19-2613
H. Radwan EmanCorresponding author
Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. Streptozotocin is a naturally occurring cytotoxic chemical, particularly toxic to the pancreas and insulin producing beta cells in mammals and induces diabetes. Glimepiride is a second generation sulfonylurea, used as second-line or add-on treatment options for type 2 diabetes. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds have been documented as a traditional plant treatment for diabetes. Soluble dietary fiber of Fenugreek significantly improved oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. It also exerts anti-diabetic effects mediated through the inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and absorption and the enhancement of peripheral insulin action. Most herbal remedies can interact with allopathic drugs resulting in altered activity and toxicity. At the same time, herbal remedies might produce the same kind of effects as the drug produce. Current published research information on herb-drug interactions is scanty. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible interaction between conventional drug used for the management of diabetes; (Glimepiride) and a traditional herbal remedy; Fenugreek aqueous extract in Streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rats. In conclusion, combination therapy induces better hematological, biochemical effects and improves the oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes. Histological studies showed better results on some organ functions. The results emphasize the benefit of using the combination of Fenugreek seeds aqueous extracts as supportive complementary anti-diabetic therapy.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-5526.jmid-18-2529
Luis Fernández-Martínez JuanCorresponding author
Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics. C/ Federico García Lorca, 18. 33007 Oviedo. University of Oviedo. Spain
Discrimination of case-control status based on gene expression differences has potential to identify novel pathways relevant to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this paper we applied two different novel algorithms to predict dysregulated pathways of gene expression across several different regions of the brain in PD and controls. The Fisher’s ratio sampler uses the Fisher’s ratio of the most discriminatory genes as prior probability distribution to sample the genetic networks and their likelihood (accuracy) was established via Leave-One-Out-Cross Validation (LOOCV). The holdout sampler finds the minimum-scale signatures corresponding to different random holdouts, establishing their likelihood using the validation dataset in each holdout. Phenotype prediction problems have by genesis a very high underdetermined character. We used both approaches to sample different lists of genes that optimally discriminate PD from controls and subsequently used gene ontology to identify pathways affected by disease. Both algorithms identified common pathways of Insulin signaling, FOXA1 Transcription Factor Network, HIF-1 Signaling, p53 Signaling and Chromatin Regulation/Acetylation. This analysis provides new therapeutic targets to treat PD.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-18-2484
H. Radwan EmanCorresponding author
Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt.
Obesity is associated with a number of serious medical complications, which are often referred to as the “insulin resistance syndrome”. The aim of the present study was performed to investigate the possible interaction between a conventional drug used for management of cholesterol and traditional herbal remedies on the obesity. This was carried through out: through estimation of blood test; Estimation of serum tests; Determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and the antioxidant enzymes activities in the liver were assayed; Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney of adult male albino rats were done. In the present study, the serum levels of the total protein and albumin in the obesity group (7.1± 0.2) and (4.78 ± 0.19); respectively were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more than those of the control group (6.5±0.1) and (3.95± 0.1).The administration of (fennel group) revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum levels of the albumin and total protein (4.38± 0.1) and (6.65± 0.2); respectively as compared to the obesity group (4.78 ± 0.19) and (7.1± 0.2(. The total cholesterol of the group(5) (fennel and ator) after two weeks from a high fat diet than treatment with fennel and Ator through six weeks equal 142.86±5.9, 100.4±8.68, 93.29±5.99, 87.1±11.28, 80.4±21.55, 78.1±6.7 and 77.1±6.87; respectively. The present study showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in the obesity group which recorded as (60.5±11.45), (57.25±6.3) and (845.0±49.47); respectively as compared to the control group (28.25±1.7), (38.5±3.87) and (537.0±41.5); respectively. The fennel group caused significant decrease in the activities of these enzymes (41.0± 2.9), (42.25+3.2) and (717.75+48.6); respectively compared to the obesity group. Ator group showed a significant decrease in the activities of these enzymes (40.0±2.16), (42.5±3.1) and (679.25±41.16); respectively compared as obesity group. The activity of AlT, AST and ALP in the fennel and ator group (32.75±2.5), (40.5±2.38) and (601.25±17.5); respectively were near to the control group.
Oct 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2381-862X.jwrh-17-1750
Niknam ZahraCorresponding author
PhD candidate of Exercise Physiology, University of Tabriz
Background The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is escalating at an alarming rate in many developed as well as developing countries. Irisin is a novel muscle and adipose drived chemokine that is, proteolytically processed from the product of the FNDC5 (fibronectin type ш domain containing 5) gene. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of three kind of training on irisin in sedentary obese women. METHODSː33 obese women (medium age: 37.99 ± 3.7 year, height: 1.55 ± 0.03 meter, BMI: 34.6 ± 5.07 kg/m2) participated in the study, on three groups, including endurance, resistance and concurrent. Results After 8 weeks exercise we did not find significant differences in fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and irisin between the groups (P>0.05), but glucose and insulin in resistance groups and irisin in all groups had significant changes (P<0.05). Conclusions In summery in this study in contrast to hypothesis there were no difference between groups of training. It can be hypothesise that the increase of irisin in obese people is one of the preventing ways against of obesity's side effects. Exercise could improve the signaling pathways and consume the fat accumulations, therefore at the end of exercise duration, irisin decreased.
Jun 2016
Ratan Bandyopadhyay ArupCorresponding author
Department of Anthropology, University College of Science, Technology & Agriculture, University of Calcutta, India
Earlier studies reported significant association of obesity, hypertension and Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Genetic and many disease-associated alleles have been identified through GWAS and applied to T2DM and indicated roles of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance has been well documented. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and also inactive the vasodilatation and hence renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance has been reported. To best of the knowledge we are reporting for the first time regarding association of ACE gene polymorphism with body composition, physiological and metabolic variables among any endogamous ethnic group (Kurmis) from of West Bengal, Eastern India. To achieve the purpose, total 197 (male 99 and female 98) randomly selected apparently healthy unrelated adult individuals of Kurmi population of Purulia District, West Bengal, India were incorporated in the present study. Anthropometric variables, physiological variables (blood pressure) and metabolic variables (PP blood sugar) have been collected using standard techniques. Extracted genomic DNA was PCR amplified and genotyped to understand ACE gene I/D polymorphism. The result demonstrated significant (p<0.05) sexual dimorphism in PBF. MAP and PP blood sugar found to be in normal range among the Kurmis. ACE gene polymorphism showed no deletion of the Kurmis and hence, only the prevalence of ACE II (insertion-Insertion) genotype has been noticed. The present study vindicated on the basis of body composition in terms of fat patterning, physiological and metabolic variables and ACE gene polymorphism that there is very low or no risk of T2DM among the Kurmis of West Bengal, India.
Jun 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-15-647
Nawaz AsmatCorresponding author
Dep of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, University South East Norway, 3184, Raveien Borre.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that results in human body due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both. In the management of diabetes, glucose monitoring technology has been used for the last three decades. The aim of this review article is to describe concise and organized information about different techniques of non-invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring. Many research groups have been working to develop wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, but at present, there are to our knowledge no commercially successful non-invasive glucose monitors on the market. To achieve an acceptable sensor system, a glucose sensor should have accuracy better than 15mg/dl (0.8 mmol/l). In future development, continuous glucose sensor systems may become predictable, selective, reliable and acceptable for patient use.
Oct 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-14-423
Bilbis L.S.Corresponding author
Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
There is increasing evidence of the prevalence manifestations of metabolic syndrome worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities characterized by hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. All these alterations predispose individuals to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are major contributing factors to earlier mortality among people. The investigation of food nutrients that could reverse the features of metabolic syndrome is an important aspect for dietary-based therapies that may ameliorate the burden of the disorder. Antioxidant micronutrients are of great interest due to the recent described association between obesity, cardiovascular alterations and oxidative stress. These antioxidant nutrients are also being considered in the management of metabolic syndrome due to their potential benefits on hypertension, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia since growing evidence has emerged that point to a causal link between oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Thus, dietary antioxidant supplements could have favourable effect on the attenuation and prevention of the manifestations of metabolic syndrome traits. Therefore, the present review focuses on the importance of antioxidant micronutrients in the treatment and management of metabolic syndrome.
Oct 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-13-212
Ahmad Sliem HamdyCorresponding author
Biochemistry and internal Medicine*, Basic oral and medical sciences, College of dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a complex polygenic disorder. DMT2 is a result of insulin resistance and destruction of pancreatic β-cell or dysfunction. Therefore, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to nerve damage, blindness, organ failures and sometimes death. Recently, some recently discovered genes play a key role in regulating the sensitivity to insulin. Scientists have long known that the disease often runs in families, and other genetic links. Human genetic discoveries will keep improving our knowledge about diabetes for many years to come. Varieties of prospective diabetic researches were developed to diagnose and control DMT2. Researchers spent thousands of millions of dollars to address DMT2. Pioneers of advanced biotechnology developed bioinformatics tools that changed the course of research about the role of metabolomics in DMT2. It will facilitate the identification of possible causes of DMT2 in genome studies. The present article aimed at reviewing the research studies per training to metabolomics and bioinformatics in genome studies in relation to DMT2.
Nov 2013 DOI 10.14302/issn.2329-9487.jhc-12-154
M. Ciccone MarcoCorresponding author
Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
Objective: To determine whether age at menarche is an independent predictor of common carotid artery intima-media thickness in overweight and obese adult women. Methods: 403 overweight and obese women, aged 18–72 years, were evaluated. We examined the associations among common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), age at menarche, body mass index, central fat accumulation (indirectly measured by waist circumference), and other well-known cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure; fasting serum insulin, glucose and lipids concentrations; insulin resistance (estimated by homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance)). Results: CCA-IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age (r=0.632, p<0.001), age of menarche (r=0.156, p<0.01), waist circumference (r=0.110, p<0.05), systolic (r=0.292, p<0.001) and diastolic (r=0.183, p<0.001) blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (r=0.265, p<0.001), triglycerides (r=0.204, p<0.001) and total cholesterol (r=0.396, p<0.001) levels. Conversely, CCA-IMT was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.111, p<0.05). Age at menarche was associated with CCA-IMT (r=0.156, p<0.01), age (r=0.110, p<0.05) and waist circumference (r=0.121, p<0.05). Multiple linear analysis showed that only age and age at menarche maintained an independent positive relationship with the CCA-IMT. Conclusions: Age at menarche is positively associated with CCA-IMT, independently of common cardiovascular risk factors (adverse glucose and lipid levels, higher blood pressure,insulin resistance, body fatness and central body fat). Late age at menarche can be considered as an independent cardiovascular risk factor in obese subjects.
Sep 2013 DOI 10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-13-218
Oxenkrug GregoryCorresponding author
Psychiatry and Inflammation Program, Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston MA, USA.
The increased association between depression and diabetes mellitus is generally acknowledged. Recent studies suggest that depression leads to diabetes.However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for this association remain unclear.Literature and our data indicate that inflammatory and/or stress factors in depression up-regulate tryptophan (TRP) conversion into kynurenine (KYN), a substrate for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis. Deficiency of vitamin B6, a co-factor of the key enzymes of KYN – NAD pathway, shunts KYN metabolism from formation of NAD towards production of xanthurenic (XA) and kynurenic (KYNA) acids. Human and experimental studies reveal that XA, KYNA and their metabolites interfere with production, release and biological activity of insulin. We propose that inflammation- and/or stress-induced up-regulation of TRP – KYN metabolism in combination with vitamin B6 deficiency is one of the mechanisms mediating increased risk of diabetes in depression. Consequently, monitoring formation of diabetogenic KYN derivatives might help to identify subjects-at-risk for the development of diabetes. Pharmacological down-regulation of the TRP – KYN – NAD pathway and maintenance of adequate vitamin B6 status might help to prevent the development of diabetes in depression and other conditions associated with inflammation/stress–induced excessive production of KYN and vitamin B6 deficiency, e.g., obesity, cardiovascular diseases, aging, menopause, pregnancy, and hepatitis C virus infection.